All practi tioners are urged to consult the normal laboratory values for their local laboratory as these may differ from those listed below. Selected normal pediatric laboratory values all laboratory values listed are approximate.
7 to 1 mmol l child.
Lab values for children. Complete blood count normal pediatric values complete blood count normal pediatric values. Mg dl mg dl mg dl mg dl mg dl. They are also advised to continually check for updated normal ranges.
4 to 2 mmol l thereafter. Normal laboratory values for children. 0 35 mmol l base excess b 1 newborn.
10 to 2 mmol l infant. Albumin 0 1 y 2 0 4 0 g dl 1 y to adult 3 5 5 5 g dl ammonia newborns 90 150 mcg dl children 40 120 mcg dl adults 18 54 mcg dl amylase newborns 0 60 units l adults 30 110 units l bilirubin conjugated direct. There are gender specific ranges only for ages 16 years and older.
Reference values for common laboratory tests 1 reference values for common laboratory testsa serum chemistries reference range albumin premature 1 day 1 8 3 g dl full term 6 days 2 5 3 9 g dl 8 days 1 year 1 9 4 9 g dl 1 3 years 3 4 5 2 g dl 4 19 years 3 5 5 6 g dl ammonia newborn child adult 29 150 mcg dl 15 60 mcg dl. Age red blood cells x 106 µl hemoglobin g dl hematocrit mcv fl mchc reticulocyte count cord blood 14 0 18 8 42 68 96 125 30 34 3 7 term newborn 5 00 6 30 18 0 21 5 51 68 95 125 30 35 3 7 1 3 days 4 10 6 10 14 0 24 0 43 68 95 125 30 38 1 day. Consult your local laboratory for guidelines as to normal values for the specific testing procedures used.
3 to 3 mmol l. Normal laboratory values for children. V alues are reference values from texas children s hospital clinical laboratory current as of august 2011.
Premature neonates 2 12 months 1 2 years 3 4 years 5 6 years 7 8 years 9 10 years 11 12 years 13 15 years males 16 years females 16 years. 0 3 1 o 0 2 0 9 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 3 0 7 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 6 0 3 0 7 0 3 0 9 0 4 0 9 0 6 1 2 0 5 1 0.
The reported incidence of hypomagnesaemia is greater than that of hypokalaemia. If your patient has low magnesium hypomagnesemia then the romk is going to want to waste away the potassium making the patient hypokalemic.
The flood gates will remain open.
Low magnesium and potassium. Both potassium and magnesium are electrolyte minerals meaning they are required for conduction of electrical impulses in the body along with sodium calcium and chloride. Your doctor will likely also check your blood calcium and potassium levels. Low levels of potassium.
Potassium and magnesium deficiency can be caused by diuretics and some medications. Hyperkalemia is a common occurrence in patients with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. A normal serum blood magnesium level is 1 8 to 2 2 milligrams per deciliter mg dl.
What are the causes of low magnesium potassium. Serum magnesium lower than 1 8 mg. Potassium chloride is the preferred potassium supplement for the most common causes of hypokalemia.
This means that until the magnesium is fixed you can t fix the hypokalemia. Magnesium helps to transport calcium and. Low potassium and magnesium levels can be caused by diuretics and some medications as well as excessive alcohol use intestinal ailments and a variety of other health conditions low magnesium is typically due to decreased absorption of magnesium in the gut or increased excretion of magnesium in the urine.
Scientists believe that an imbalance of potassium levels inside and outside of heart muscle cells may be to blame a condition associated with magnesium deficiency 39 40. Low levels of magnesium cause. A person with very low levels of magnesium may also have a calcium deficiency called hypocalcemia and a potassium deficiency called hypokalemia.
A significant correlation also appears to exist between the plasma concentrations of magnesium and potassium. Low levels of potassium can cause muscle twitches or cramps and abnormal heart rhythms 1. A high potassium level represents a more dangerous condition and can cause significant abnormal heart rhythms 1.
Excessive alcohol use and intestinal ailments are other possible causes. Together potassium and magnesium are crucial to heart function and when potassium levels are low magnesium levels are usually low as well. Hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia can be induced by the same mechanisms and are often clinically correlated with one another.
Well magnesium inhibits the romk channels at certain intracellular concentrations. Hypomagnesemia is commonly caused by excessive gastrointestinal or renal magnesium wasting.
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The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder or manic depressive illness mdi has not been determined and no objective biologic markers correspond definitively with the disease state. Characterized by episodes of severe mania and severe depression.
Bipolar disorder and immune dysfunction.
Bipolar disorder pathophysiology. Epidemiological findings proposed pathophysiology and clinical implications brain sci. Bipolar disorder formerly called manic depression is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs mania or hypomania and lows depression. Bipolar disorder sometimes is called manic depressive disorder or manic depression which are older terms.
We still don t know all the physical reasons involved in the development of bipolar disorder but fortunately scientists are continuing to learn new information all the time. Related journals of pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Authors joshua d rosenblat 1 2 roger s mcintyre 3 4 affiliations 1 department of psychiatry.
Understanding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is an ultimate goal of many scientists and clinicians but to date it remains poorly understood. Bipolar mood or affective disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times. Bipolar disorder bipolar disorder also known as manic depressive illness is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood energy activity levels and the ability to carry out day to day tasks.
The bipolar disorder causes from biological differences neurotransmitters hormones and genetics. Types bipolar i. When you become depressed you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities.
Bipolar disorder is a chronic or episodic which means occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals mental disorder. Earlier known as manic depressive psychosis mdp 3. It can cause unusual often extreme and fluctuating changes in mood energy activity and concentration or focus.
Neurochemical factors in bipolar disorder bipolar disorder is primarily a biological disorder that occurs in a specific area of the brain and is due to the dysfunction of certain neurotransmitters.
A ph imbalance can be caused by. The cbc measures the essential components.
Also known as a blood chemistry chemistry panel or basic metabolic panel this test looks at the levels of essential enzymes in the blood and also checks kidney function.
Blood test explained. A blood gas test is used to check the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and the balance of acid and alkali in your blood the ph balance. Chemistry panel or metabolic panel. Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers the nutrients and waste products in your blood as well as how various organs e g kidneys and liver are functioning.
3 in addition the glucose level in the blood is obtained through this test and can indicate if a person needs further testing for diabetes. Hcg test human chorionic gonadotrophin test and pregnancy. Complete blood count cbc in many blood test results the first list under the test name column shows the results of the cbc or complete blood count.
A blood test sometimes referred to as a blood panel is a laboratory examination of a blood sample used to check for a variety of things including the functioning of certain organs such as the liver kidneys thyroid and heart infections and certain genetic disorders as well as to assess an individual s general health. The seven tests included are. Below i ve explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.
Hba1c test an hba1c is a type of blood test which is used to help diagnose and monitor people with diabetes. Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers the nutrients and waste products in your blood as well as how various organs e g kidneys and liver are functioning. Below we ve explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.
Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers the nutrients and waste products in your blood as well as how various organs e g kidneys and liver are functioning. Below i ve explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health. Problems with your respiratory system such as pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd.
A full blood count is a common blood test for general health which can also provide information about a range of conditions.
Detailed illustrations summary checklists and new learning resources ensure that you. Cognitive function exemplar resources active learning activities older adult delirium dementia alzheimer disease print chapter 4 the complete health history pp.
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Physical examination and health assessment 6th edition jarvis. Download medicine books physical examination and health assessment 6e carolyn jarvis hard. Jarvis physical examination and health assessment 6th edition apa citation created date. Physical examination and health assessment jarvis physical examination and health assessment jarvis 6th physical examination and health assessment jarvis 6th test bank test bank for physical examination and health assessment jarvis 6th edition this is not the actual book.
Detailed illustrations summary checklists and new learning resources ensure that you learn all the skills you need to know. 72 74 75 80 81 82. Physical examination and health assessment 6th edition theme.
Read online jarvis physical examination and health assessment 6th edition thank you for downloading jarvis physical examination and health assessment 6th edition. With an easy to read approach and unmatched learning support physical examination health assessment 6th edition offers a clear logical and holistic approach to physical exam across the lifespan. With an easy to read approach and unmatched learning support physical examination health assessment 6th edition offers a clear logical and holistic approach to physical exam across the lifespan.
With an easy to read approach and unmatched learning support physical examination health assessment 6th edition offers a clear logical and holistic approach to physical exam across the lifespan. Final exam review flash cards for jarvis physical examination health assessment 6th edition learn with flashcards games and more for free. Assessment 6th edition online ebook download.
Jarvis physical examination and health assessment 6th edition apa citation keywords. 56 63 chapter 5 mental status assessment pp. Physical examination and health assessment 6e jarvis physical examination and health assessment with an easy to read approach and unmatched learning support physical examination health assessment 6th edition offers a clear logical and holistic approach to physical exam across the lifespan.
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The nurse holds the patient s eye open by pushing up on the skin of the upper orbit and with the free hand instills the drops of medication onto the patient s cornea at a distance of 2 5 to 5 cm 1 to 2 inches. A patient is to receive 20 units of nph insulin and 10 units of regular insulin as an injection.
Medication administration practice test medications can be delivered via several different routes.
Medication administration practice test. We ll review your answers and create a test prep plan for you. Time limit none allowed attempts 10 take the quiz. Medication administration practice exam due no due date points 67.
Eplummer terms in this set 90 1. The nurse follows the 6 rights of medication administration. Draw up each insulin in a separate syringe.
How should the patient be taught to prepare the insulin for injection. Thanks for visiting student survive 2 thrive. Staff will be able to identify the 6 rights of medication administration.
The federal government protects the health of the people by ensuring. Medication administration practice questions. The nurse asks the patient to tilt the head back and look up.
Administration how many milliliters would be given. Staff will demonstrate med administration to the rn to three residents. Briefly summarize the roles of the following in relation to the regulation of medications.
Staff will demonstrate knowledge in medication administration by passing this quiz with 80 or better. Medication administration nursing chapter exam take this practice test to check your existing knowledge of the course material. This practice test highlights twelve different ways to administer medications.
Medication calculation exam study guide and practice exam los angeles county department of public health nursing medication calculation exam mce the medication calculation examination consist of 31 questions for registered nurses and 25 questions for licensed vocational nurses of dosage calculations i v and patient rights.
Although the reports we receive often indicate high or low values understanding the true meaning of these values in the context of the patient s condition history and other factors is critical to safe care of the patient. Male 14 18 g dl female 12 16 g dl.
Reference values intervals for blood urine csf stool and other fluids eg gastric acid and commonly used panels are included.
Laboratory values and meanings. The reference values provided in these tables should be used as guidelines only reference values vary based on several factors including the demographics of the healthy population from which specimens were obtained and the specific methods and or. There are numerous laboratory tests that can be done. Common laboratory tests a decrease in hgb concentration means the patient is anemic.
There s always the fear of messing things up and not being able to meet the patients health needs. Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy. Airline industry value chain.
Lab values and meanings lab values values derived in a laboratory meanings implied or explicit significance important or worthwhile quality. Purpose meanings is an album by gad elbaz. Lab values are used to determine a patient s overall health and well being.
Anemia can be due to iron b12 folate deficiency blood disorders or other underlying pathology. Using laboratory values can be a key piece of assessment to determine what is occurring within the body of a patient. And increase in hgb concentration means the patient is polycythemic.
Com is presenting a series of courses on lab values. There are many factors that can affect a patient s result and lab values but some of the most common factors are gender age race the medicines taken and the presense of any underlying condition s. Doctors will also advise patients to skip drinking eating and taking medication several hours before the test.
Lab values are used in diagnosis. Common laboratory lab values for lab tests interpretation of lab results urine discoloration urinalysis arterial blood gas abg analysis. Male 4 6 6 2 x 106 cells mm3 female 4 2 5 2 x 106 cells mm3 actual count of red corpuscles hemoglobin.
The most common tests include chemistry panels hematology such as the complete blood count and blood gases. Getting familiar with and interpreting laboratory values can be intimidating particularly to new nurses. Laboratory values and interpretation a nurse s ultimate guide.
Laboratory reference ranges normal lab values. These citations have been automatically generated based on the information we have and it may not be 100 accurate. The album has sold over 100 000 copies in israel alone and many more around the world including the.
Lab values and meanings. This course will take a closer look at these components. Evaluation of labs by nursing staff is a critical function.
Causes include allergy to insect stings medicines or foods nuts berries. They fall under four main categories based on what has affected the flow of blood.
Association of clinical signs with shock type and shock type vasoactive mismatch e g cold shock treated with vasopressor rather than inotrope with complicated course was determined using multivariable logistic regression.
Clinical signs of shock. Direct injury to the myocardium. Shock can lead to multiple organ failure as well as life threatening complications. Of 469 patients clinicians determined 307 65 had warm and 162 35 had cold shock.
By decrease of cardiac output. Shock the medical condition related to adequate blood flow takes many forms and has different patterns of signs and symptoms depending on which type of shock the patient is experiencing. Common causes of this are pneumonia urinary tract infections skin infections intra abdominal infections such as a ruptured appendix and meningitis.
Infarction contusion trauma poisoning. There are many types of shock. Anaphylactic shock is a type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction.
Clinical features signs common to most forms. There are four main categories of shock. Septic shock results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins.
Arrhythmia constrictive pericarditis haemopericardium pulmonary embolism tension pneumothorax valvular disease severe anaemia beri beri etc. Learn more about shock and how to treat it in this article. Shock is a medical emergency that causes several symptoms some of which are life threatening.
The main clinical outcome was complicated course defined as dysfunction of two or more organ systems on day 7 or death by day 28 19. Hypovolemic cardiogenic distributive and obstructive. Clinical signs and shock type documented immediately prior initiation of vasoactive were used to assess for a shock type vasoactive match if available and differed from the first documented values of the pathway.
The cbc a common screening blood test gives important information about whether a person has anemia and what might be causing it whether the bone marrow where blood cells are produced is functioning normally and whether a person may be dealing with a bleeding disorder infection inflammation or certain kinds of cancer. A complete blood count cbc is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders including anemia infection and leukemia.
A nurse or lab tech will take a sample.
Cbc lab work. Learn how this test assists in various forms of medical treatment. During a cbc a lab technician will draw blood from a vein typically from the inside of your elbow or from the back of your hand. The test will take only a few minutes.
The complete blood count cbc is a group of tests that evaluate the cells that circulate in blood including red blood cells rbcs white blood cells wbcs and platelets plts. A complete blood count cbc is a common blood test that your doctor may recommend to help diagnose some blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphomafind out if cancer has spread to the bone marrowsee how a person s body is handling cancer treatmentdiagnose other noncancerous conditionsif you are receiving chemotherapy your doctor will likely watch your blood cell counts. Optimal draw is a 13 x 75 tube filled to capacity.
Follow specimen handling as outlined by laboratory safety policy. The cbc can evaluate your overall health and detect a variety of diseases and conditions such as infections anemia and leukemia. A doctor can order a cbc for a variety of reasons.
A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood including. Wear gloves and a lab coat. Wear safety glasses if there is a risk of splashing.
It can assist in diagnosing cancers leukemia anemia and lymphoma. Whole blood should be collected in edta 2k or edta 3k anticoagulant. Red blood cells which carry oxygen white blood cells which fight infection.
A complete blood count cbc measures the concentration of white blood cells red blood cells and platelets in the blood and aids in the diagnosis of conditions and diseases such as anemia malignancies and immune disorders. If the cbc is the only blood test you re having you can eat and drink like you usually would. Learn about a complete blood count cbc one of the most commonly ordered blood tests.
Your part of the test is simple and takes just a few minutes.
Wcn c provides a comprehensive review about different types of wounds and management strategies currently utilized nationally. Our international expert in wound care will cover topics on how wounds heal what prevents healing acute and chronic wounds infection and antiseptics wound and patient assessment and decisions of what and how to dress wounds.
Wound care performed by the nurse should be guided by the nurse s scope of practice and institutional policy and procedures based on type of wound and topical agents available in the facility.
Wound care classes for nurses. What is a wound care nurse. This practical hands on course is specialised towards nurses who work in wound care management. The wound care nurse certification program wcn c is a premier training program formulated to meet the needs of the wound care lvn lpns and rns working in different clinical settings.
To help healthcare providers appropriately select and use smith and nephew wound care products. History the patient s medical surgical pharmacological and social history. They often cross train in the care of ostomies.
The first thing to do before addressing any wound is to perform an overall assessment of the patient. Wound care nurse certification wcn c premier training program formulated to meet the basic educational needs of the nurses and other medical professionals working in different clinical settings. These basic early interventions can set the patient on the path to healing.
Our wound care programs help you build advanced clinical knowledge that leads to long lasting benefits for yourself and your patients. An acronym used to guide this process step by step is heidie. This course provides a comprehensive review about the anatomy physiology of the skin wound bed management treatment modalities and documentation of wounds.
To provide information which will empower nurses and other care providers with resources for a successful and sustainable skin and wound care practice. This nurse is commonly consulted during a patient s stay in the hospital when a wound or pressure ulcer bedsore is discovered or if the patient has an ostomy. Let smith and nephew s education programs help you.
Our online educational content was. Strategies for the management of sepsis is a course that you can take through the american association of critical care nurses. Perfect for all levels of nursing physicians physical therapists occupational therapists registered dietitians.
Other factors such as infection or malnutrition need prompt consideration. Skin and wound management swm course advances knowledge and changes lives. Examination of the patient as a whole then focus on the wound.
The wound care ostomy or continence and foot care nurse also referred to as a woc nurse specializes in assessing and treating skin breakdown and wounds especially pressure ulcers. Vohra wound care offers free ceus to nurses who take their wound certification courses. The wound learning academy by snf wound care is a comprehensive online wound care management educational platform designed to prepare health care professionals to perform at the highest level of care in all settings including skilled nursing facilities hospitals home health hospice and private practice.
The nurse explains the patient about controlling his life according to his health and give equal importance to work and rest. Explain the importance of iron replacement supplementation.
Nursing Management A Nursing Care Plan Weakness Anemia
Ferritin reflects iron stores and is the most accurate test to diagnose iron deficiency anemia 7 although levels below 15 ng per ml 33 70 pmol per l are consistent with a diagnosis of iron.
Care plan for iron deficiency anemia. Assess risk factors decrease fatigue maintenance of adequate nutrition maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion compliance with prescribed treatment regimen and be free from complications. Explain the importance of the diagnostic procedures such as complete blood count bone marrow aspiration and a possible referral to a hematologist. There should be balance between the duration of rest and that of activity.
Oral ferrous iron salts are the most economical and effective medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Nursing care plan for clients with anemia includes. The best diet plan for anemia includes foods rich in iron and other vitamins essential to hemoglobin and red blood cell production.
Medical care starts with establishing the diagnosis and reason for the iron deficiency. Anemia treatment plans often include dietary changes. Of the various iron salts available ferrous sulfate is the one most commonly used.
Educate the client and caregivers about iron deficiency anemia. The nurse tells the patient how important it is to rest for the treatment of his disease.
Values given with report. Meld score nafld non alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score.
8 5 108 mg dl.
Normal lab values for ast and alt. The normal range of values for ast sgot is about 5 to 40 units per liter of serum the liquid part of the blood. In a research study of 15 laboratory tests it was shown that all acute viral hepatitis patients showed an ast level greater than 200 u l and an alt level greater than 300 u l which both are 25 times the upper limit of normal levels. Is 110 with lab norm 24 110.
3 5 5 5 g dl. 10 70 u l. An ast alt ratio higher than one where the ast is higher than alt is suggestive of cirrhosis.
However the ranges of ast and alt numbers may differ slightly depending on the technique and protocols used by different laboratories worldwide. 40 u l or less. 0 6 6 mg dl.
Normal values of lactate dehydrogenase normal values of primary and total bile acids. 5 40 iu l back to top alt alanine transaminase also called sgpt serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase or or alat alanine aminotransferase is an enzyme present in hepatocytes liver cells. Normal values of albumin normal values of alp.
45 u l or less. Are ast and alt elevations always related to liver diseases. Elevated ast levels are not specific for liver damage because it can also be used as a cardiac marker.
Blood group a b o bun serum. 17 148 u l female. Normal values of alpha fetoprotein normal values of alt ast and ggt.
An ast alt ratio higher than 2 1 where the ast is more than twice as high as the alt is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease. Decreased alt in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a congested liver. Paediatric crohn s disease activity index pediatric appendicitis score pas.
Normal ast and alt lab values a 27 year old female asked. 1 2 1 3 mg dl or less. With weight loss ast and alt normal for 7 mo.
Two of these enzymes that are measured for this purpose are ast aspartate aminotransferase and alt alanine aminotransferase both of which have normal blood values of approximately 0 35 u l. The normal range of values for alt sgpt is about 7 to 56 units per liter of serum.
8 5 108 mg dl. The normal range of values for alt sgpt is about 7 to 56 units per liter of serum.
Normal values of lactate dehydrogenase normal values of primary and total bile acids.
Normal lab values for ast and alt. Meld score nafld non alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. Values given with report. 10 70 u l.
Paediatric crohn s disease activity index pediatric appendicitis score pas. Are ast and alt elevations always related to liver diseases. 5 40 iu l back to top alt alanine transaminase also called sgpt serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase or or alat alanine aminotransferase is an enzyme present in hepatocytes liver cells.
Two of these enzymes that are measured for this purpose are ast aspartate aminotransferase and alt alanine aminotransferase both of which have normal blood values of approximately 0 35 u l. Elevated ast levels are not specific for liver damage because it can also be used as a cardiac marker. 0 6 6 mg dl.
40 u l or less. With weight loss ast and alt normal for 7 mo. 1 2 1 3 mg dl or less.
An ast alt ratio higher than 2 1 where the ast is more than twice as high as the alt is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease. 45 u l or less. In a research study of 15 laboratory tests it was shown that all acute viral hepatitis patients showed an ast level greater than 200 u l and an alt level greater than 300 u l which both are 25 times the upper limit of normal levels.
Is 110 with lab norm 24 110. Normal ast and alt lab values a 27 year old female asked. An ast alt ratio higher than one where the ast is higher than alt is suggestive of cirrhosis.
17 148 u l female. Decreased alt in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a congested liver. However the ranges of ast and alt numbers may differ slightly depending on the technique and protocols used by different laboratories worldwide.
The normal range of values for ast sgot is about 5 to 40 units per liter of serum the liquid part of the blood. Blood group a b o bun serum. Normal values of alpha fetoprotein normal values of alt ast and ggt.
Normal values of albumin normal values of alp. 3 5 5 5 g dl.
Living an ethical life or acting rightly requires developing and demonstrating the virtues of courage compassion wisdom and temperance. As shown earlier one helpful way for leading an ethical case study discussion is to give students a guide such as the seven step format for ethical decision making to help them think though the issues presented in a case.
Revlady from lantana florida on august 29 2011.
Ethical theories list. Virtue ethics states that character matters above all else. I m glad you stopped by. The ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of morality and the well defined standards of right and wrong that prescribe the human character and conduct in terms of obligations rights rules benefit to society fairness etc.
I find it interesting that the ethical theories apply to each and everyone with some variants here and there. The word ethics stems from the greek word ethos which means a custom or habit. Another term for ethics is moral philosophy.
Ethical theories and their use in ethics education. Throughout history a few moral theories have surfaced and have been analyzed for their strengths and weaknesses. Thank you for reading and commenting.
A moral theory often shapes a person s attitude toward others belief system and life choices. It is the practice of learning about and recommending practices of right and wrong behavior. We all act in certain ways.
Such theories arise in religion spiritual traditions philosophy social political historical systems literature and the humanities social and cultural movements and pop psychologies. Our acts and the ultimate reasons behind them are what constitute our morals. A great synopsis of the ever elusive definition ethics it was interesting and presented in a way that is comprehensible.
The three ethical theories are metaethics normative ethics and applied ethics. We act according to goals we intend to reach such as increasing happiness ours and that of others reducing harm suffered by sentient beings and benefiting the worst off. It also requires the avoidance of vices like greed jealousy and selfishness.
Each one of these theories looks at our ethical behavior in different ways. Within human history and continuing into present times we find many theories of ethics and the good. There are four major ethical theories.
Deontology or duty utilitarianism rights and virtue. Each moral theory holds a specific approach in how to handle life s decisions. Here are a few ethical theories to whet your appetite.
Moral theories are another tool to help an individual clearly and logically think about an ethical issue and.
Dictionary entry webpage book journal article newspaper article. Retrieved month day year from url.
To cite a dictionary in apa when you re writing an in text citation start the citation after the period of the sentence.
Apa reference dictionary. See the following example. In apa dictionary of psychology 2nd ed p. The author and publisher are the same for the dictionaries in the examples so the name appears in the author element only to avoid repetition.
Because entries in the apa dictionary of psychology and merriam webster s dictionary are updated over time and are not archived include a retrieval date in the reference. To cite an online dictionary in your reference list you will need the name word you are defining and url of the definition you re citing the year the web page was updated and the name of the dictionary. In this article we discuss the details of the apa dictionary citation from the guide in citing the authors to the specific guides and examples in writing in text citations and reference list.
Retrieved month day year from url. Arrange this information as follows. Include a retrieved date since there is no published date.
In title edition page number. To cite a dictionary definition in apa style start with the author of the dictionary usually an organization followed by the publication year the word you re citing the dictionary name the publisher if not already listed as author and the url. Each citation will contain either the author s name or title of the dictionary the year of publication and a page number if there is one.
Dictionaries are cited in both in text citation and reference list using the american psychological association apa system. Online dictionary citation structure. Place n d for no date where publication information usually goes.
Cite the organization as the author and leave out the publisher information.
A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg feeding tube is a way to give food fluids and medicines directly into the stomach by passing a thin tube through the skin and into the stomach. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg feeding tubes were first described in 1980 for use in children.
A gastrostomy g or peg tube is always in the stomach.
Peg tube and g tube. The j tube jejunostomy tube on the other hand is a soft plastic tube placed through the skin of the abdomen into the mid section of the small intestine the jejunum. A gravity drip bag allows liquid food to drip more slowly into the. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg is an endoscopic medical procedure in which a tube peg tube is passed into a patient s stomach through the abdominal wall most commonly to provide a means of feeding when oral intake is not adequate for example because of dysphagia or sedation.
Percutaneous through the skin endoscopic using a lighted endoscope gastrostomy placing a surgical hole in the stomach describes the procedure used to place the g tube not the g tube itself. A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg tube is a soft plastic tube placed in the stomach through the skin percutaneously with the help of an endoscope. The syringe plunger may be used to gently push the last of the liquid through the peg tube.
G tubes may have a water filled balloon that keeps it in place on the inside of your stomach. You will pour the liquid into the syringe and hold it up high. Peg feeding tubes are now increasingly used for enteral nutrition for children and adults.
Difference between g tube and peg tube the care of both tubes is essentially the same. Peg may be used with a jejunal extension. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg tubes before the procedure before the feeding tube is placed an actual gastrostomy tube or a picture will be shown to you along with specific information about how the tube will be placed.
Gastrostomy g tubes g tubes are similar to peg tubes in that they go through the abdomen and into the stomach for long term feeding however they re a little different in how they look. The regular g tube or gastrostomy tube is usually placed in the operating room and requires a surgical procedure. The syringe is connected to the end of the peg tube.
This term refers to the technique used to place the g tube. A gastrojejunostomy consists of two tubes in one. A feeding syringe helps liquid food to flow steadily into the peg tube.
Though both terms are often used interchangeably g tube implies tube placed in the stomach only while peg tube may be tube placed in the stomach duodenum and jejunum. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg. It is placed in the operating room when performed in conjunction with other surgery at least in most cases.
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Increased production of acids. Metabolic acidoses are categorized as high or normal anion gap based on the presence or absence of unmeasured anions in serum.
Metabolic acidosis is an acid base imbalance resulting from excessive absorption or retention of acid or excessive excretion of bicarbonate produced by an underlying pathologic disorder.
Metabolic acidosis labs. This usually happens when the body is making excessive acids which it is not able to get rid of or when there is not enough amount of bases in the body to counter the acid levels. Ph may be markedly low or slightly subnormal. As a result bicarbonate decreases.
When the acid in the body fluids increases the bicarbonate hco3 levels will elevate this will lead to the metabolic problem called acidosis. An anion gap test measures the chemical balance in your blood. Metabolic acid base disorders may be due to kidney disease electrolyte disturbances severe vomiting or diarrhea ingestion of certain drugs and toxins and diseases that affect normal metabolism e g diabetes.
What causes metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis is primary reduction in bicarbonate hco 3 typically with compensatory reduction in carbon dioxide partial pressure p co 2. Acidemia and acidosis are not mutually exclusive ph and hydrogen ion concentrations also depend on the coexistence.
Symptoms result from the body s attempts to correct the acidotic condition through compensatory mechanisms in the lungs kidneys and cells. Increased acid production loss of bicarbonate and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids. Disorders that affect metabolism and cause changes in ph due to either increased acid production or decreased base are called metabolic acidosis low ph and metabolic alkalosis high ph.
Like in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis where ketones which are acids increase. Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes. Type of metabolic acidosis is based on anion osmolar gap calculation anion gap na cl hco 3 osmolar gap calculated plasma osmolality measured plasma osmolality 2 na glucose 18 bun 2 8 osmolar gap may be used to differentiate between different types within high anion gap acidosis.
Tests to diagnose metabolic acidosis include. As literature has been enriched with new data concerning the management of metabolic acidosis the french intensive care society société de réanimation de langue française srlf and the french emergency medicine society société française de médecine d urgence sfmu have. Metabolic acidosis is a condition that arises when there is an imbalance between levels of acids and base in the body 1 2.
Metabolic acidosis can lead to acidemia which is defined as arterial blood ph that is lower than 7 35. An arterial blood gases test measures the ph of your blood and the levels of oxygen and. Metabolic acidosis is a type of acidosis that s usually caused by health conditions that affect the kidneys heart digestion or metabolism.
Metabolic acidosis is a disorder frequently encountered in emergency medicine and intensive care medicine. Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body s acid base balance. Acids build up in the blood and can lead to serious.
Metabolic acidosis is easily explained in the diagram above.
If the level of a single electrolyte is found to be either too high or too low in the electrolytes blood test the doctor will order repeated tests until the imbalanced electrolyte levels return to normal. The normal blood potassium level is 3 5 5 0 milliequivalents liter meq l or in international units 3 5 5 0 millimoles liter mmol l.
Calcium aids in blood clotting by converting prothromb into thrombin.
Normal blood electrolyte levels. Sodium or na is one of the most important electrolytes in the body and is responsible for a number of important functions mostly related to fluid and water regulation. An electrolyte imbalance is a condition in which the electrolyte level in your blood is too high or too low than the normal levels. Except with malnutrition late in the disease serum cholesterol is often slightly elevated.
Loss of water from your body. Extreme loss of body fluids due to burns. Normal serum potassium levels range from 3 5 to 5 0 meq l.
In some circumstances electrolyte levels in your blood can become too high or low causing an imbalance 11 12 13. The chemical abbreviation for potassium is k on the periodic table of elements. 8 6 to 10 mg dl nursing considerations instruct the client to eat a diet with a normal calcium level 800 mg day for 3 days before the test.
Disturbances in electrolytes can have a harmful effect on your health and can. Also if an acid base imbalance is found the doctor may want you to undergo blood gas tests. Blood electrolytes are usually within normal limits except in patients with renal tubular defects who have low bicarbonate concentrations.
Patients with serum values below 3 5 are considered hypokalemic and can develop u waves weakness and constipation. Instruct the client that fasting may be required for 8 hours before the test. This imbalance can be caused due to several reasons.
Electrolyte levels are useful in detecting kidney heart and liver disease and the effects of certain medications such as diuretics or some heart pills. The normal accepted range for sodiumis 134 to 145 meq l. Patients with values above 5 0 are considered hyperkalemic and can display weakness diarrhea cramping and arrhythmias with peaked t waves.
Serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels are usually elevated to three to six times normal. Except with malnutrition late in the disease serum cholesterol is often slightly elevated. Until liver failure develops serum albumin globulin bilirubin and ammonia are normal.
The proper level of potassium is essential for normal cell function. Normal values of calcium. Hyponatraemiais considered to be a serum sodium below 134 meq l.
Serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels are usually elevated to three to six times normal.
Also important for fetal brain development are omega 3 fatty acids. Basically the cranium consists of two parts.
Craniosynostosis is often treated with surgery to reopen the fused area.
Skull development in fetus. In the first 2 images the bone cartilage is shown in blue and the new bone in red. This allows the amniotic fluid to reach these undeveloped organs in the womb. Craniosynostosis is a birth defect that involves the development of an infant s skull.
Hence there are no specific answers to the how s and why s of brain development. When this defect is present one or more of the soft spots in the skull close before they should. Although your baby s skull is soft and delicate it is designed to protect him during birth and help his expanding brain develop.
The brain has a high fat content and the omegas are helpful in the deposition of the fat in not only the brain but the eyes. Primary palate fusion in the human embryo between stage 17 and 18 from an epithelial seam to the mesenchymal bridge. Skull development in the womb early on in gestation baby s brain begins to form from the neural tube the larval stage of the central nervous system.
Development of the skull the skull cranium fig 7 develops from mesenchyme around the developing brain. However what does not change is the wonder of a cell an embryo that develops into a fetus then a child and finally an adult going through the passage of time and physical. The palate has two key stages of development during embryonic and an early fetal involving the fusion of structures epithelia to mesenchymal.
Cartilage at the dorsal end of the first arch meckel s cartilage. The brain and bones do not form properly as the neural tube fails to close during the initial weeks of fetal development. The images below show the combined endochondral and intramembranous ossification that is occurring in early fetal development week 12.
The cartilaginous skeleton of the first two pairs of the pharyngeal arch develop in to these part of the fetal cranium. This can cause pressure in the skull and in some cases impede brain development. Brain development in a fetus and its associated problems are still being researched.
She will continue to develop her brain cells throughout pregnancy and expand her functionality eventually being capable of regulating body temperature controlling her heartbeat and all other. This slow skull development is important for your child s healthy growth. Unlike an adult brain an infant s skull has joints that don t close up until later in childhood.
As far as anyone knows the longest anyone has ever lived is 121 yr. Some argue that this balance must ultimately fail because of increasing entropy 8.
Advocates of the disposable soma and the antagonistic pleiotropy theory see aging as a negative but.
Biological theory of ageing. On the other hand other theories support the idea that aging is a regulated process mainly by the genetic code such as the telomere length the number of divisions that a somatic cell can go. Biological theory of aging. The biological theory of aging is based on programmed biological changes and unpredicted changes cite this page.
The many explanations that make up how we age. The maintenance theory noticed that aging becomes manifest when molecular and cellular repair and replacement systems are no longer able to maintain the balance that existed before reproductive maturation. Biological theory of aging tick tock tick tock what s that sound.
The programmed theories imply that aging follows a biological timetable regulated by changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance repair and defense responses and the damage or error theories emphasize environmental assaults to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of ageing. We are not sure about anything in the world except the aging. The genetic theory of aging states that lifespan is largely determined by the genes we inherit.
Biological theory of aging. According to this theory it s your biological clock ticking away at a predetermined rate. According to the theory our longevity is primarily determined at the moment of conception and is largely reliant on our parents and their genes.
Aging can be seen as an irreversible time dependent functional decline that converts healthy adults into frail ones with reduced capacity to adjust to everyday stresses and increasing vulnerability to most diseases and to death 1. This theory says that dna the cells genetic material holds the key to your planned demise from day one. Genetic damage and gradual imbalance.
One aspect of the biological theory of aging is that it often results from an accumulation of waste products that tend to interfere with normal metabolism cite this page. There are three biological theories of aging. Biological theory of aging.
Aging is a biological phenomenon all the living things are undergoing. These two categories of theory are also referred to as non programmed aging theories based on evolutionary concepts where aging is.
Pain at or below site of injury. First aid tips for spinal cord injury.
A spinal injury should be suspected if the patient has.
Spinal cord injury first aid. If the person has no pulse begin chest compressions. Take extreme care at all times to maintain alignment of the head neck and spine. If the patient is unconscious as a result of a head injury always suspect a spinal injury.
First aid for spinal injury warning. Call 911 or your local emergency number if there is a medical emergency due to the accident trauma or if severe symptoms are noted do not move the individual if you suspect a head and neck back or spinal cord injury. If the person shows no signs of circulation breathing coughing or movement begin cpr but do not tilt the head back to open the airway.
When to suspect a spinal cord injury when considering spinal cord injury it is vital to determine the mechanism of injury in order to understand the forces involved in causing the injury including hyperflexion hyperextension rotation and compression and combinations of all the above. Provide as much first aid as possible without moving the person s head or neck. Use your fingers to gently grasp the jaw and lift it forward.
Also any further movement of the head neck or body should be completely avoided. Neurogenic shock is the state of poor tissue perfusion caused by blood vessel tone loss after spinal cord injury.
