Deep lying cells in hair roots move forward through the hair follicles or shafts that hold the hair fiber. The integumentary system accessory structures.
Skin skin is only a few millimeters thick but is still the largest organ in the body.
Integumentary system hair and nails. The integumentary system cov ers the outside of the body. Strands of hair originate from the base of the downward extension of living epithelial cells into the dermis that is called the hair follicle. The word integument means covering.
Integumentary system hair skin nails and exocrine glands danielle silva the body s largest organ. Hair chapter 18 lesson 16 transcript. Hair is part of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin hair nails and exocrine glands. Nails next lesson the integumentary system accessory structures. One tiny involuntary muscle is attached to each hair.
The integumentary system hypodermis epidermis callus skin color hair glands nails. A hair fiber is composed of a network of horny cells hold your giggles please filled with hard protein called keratin. The integumentary system consists of the skin hair nails the subcutaneous tissue below the skin and assorted glands.
Similar to the skin hair forms by rapid division and differentiation of stem cells which form keratinocytes that migrate flatten and die forming keratinized cells. These are all exocrine glands secreting materials outside the cells and body. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body.
Hair follicles are surrounded by the dermis but the cells are part of the epidermis and are separated from the dermis by basal lamina layer. The average person s skin weighs 10 pounds and covers a surface of about 20 square feet. Hair growth is similar to the growth of the epidermal layer of the skin.
The average person s skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet. The most obvious function of the integumentary system is the protection that the skin gives to underlying tissues. Integumentary system structures that decrease heat loss protect the scalp from sunburn filter air keep foreign particles out of the eyes and inner ear.
Hair is a component of the integumentary system and extends downward into the dermal layer where it sits in the hair follicle. They are part of the integumentary system which includes your skin and all its accessory structures like nails hair and sweat and oil glands. It protects internal structures prevents the entry of infectious agents reduces water loss regulates body temperature produces vitamin d and detects stimuli.
A magnesium level of 1 0 meq l 0 5 mmol l reflects hypomagnesemia. Gastrointestinal manifestations such as anorexia nausea abdominal distention and.
Deep tendon reflex liddell sherrington reflex muscular reflex stretch reflex.
Decreased deep tendon reflexes. Abdominal distention skeletal muscle weakness rationale. While the combination of decreased sweating absent reflexes and. Hyperreflexia of the deep tendon reflexes is a classic feature of a umn lesion.
Dtr or deep tendon reflex is a test done on physic. They contract more easily because the decreased calcium affects contractility of muscle fibers. Assessment signs include hypertension.
There are five deep tendon reflexes and a number of superficial and visceral reflexes covered here. Deep tendon reflexes vary with maturity kuban et al 1986. What is the definition or description of.
Once again similar to muscle tone immediately following an acute umn lesion there may be transient hyporeflexia even areflexia. It can be detected through the use of a reflex hammer it is the opposite of hyperreflexia hyporeflexia is generally associated with a lower motor neuron deficit at the alpha motor neurons from spinal cord to muscle whereas hyperreflexia is often attributed to upper motor neuron lesions along the long motor tracts from the. Tonic contraction of the muscles in response to a stretching force due to stimulation of muscle proprioceptors.
Deep tendon reflex answered by dr. Decreased deep tendon reflexes hypotension correct. Both cag length and duration influenced the frequency of decreased reflexes and vibration sense in the lower extremities.
Top answers from doctors based on your search. The normal magnesium level is 1 5 2 5 meq l 0 75 1 25 mmol l. The reflex exam is fundamental to the neurological exam and important to locating upper versus lower motor neuron lesions.
Hyporeflexia refers to below normal or absent reflexes areflexia. The loss of deep tendon reflexes such as the achilles or patellar reflex may also occur due to similar damage in the nerves. In a study of preterm infants of more than 27 weeks postconceptional age the pectoralis major reflex was elicited in all and by 33 weeks gestation essentially all demonstrated the achilles patellar biceps thigh adductor and brachioradialis reflexes.
Ten cate f or several decades the diagnosis deep vein thrombosis dvt had been based on clinical grounds alone because the inaccuracy of the clinical diagnosis was not well appreci ated. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize the risk of these complications.
Causes are pregnancy obesity smoking medications and prolonged sitting.
Diagnose deep vein thrombosis. Dvt treatment guidelines medications and surgery options are provided. How we diagnose and treat deep vein thrombosis. To diagnose dvt your doctor will ask you about your symptoms.
Setelah itu dokter akan melakukan serangkaian tes penunjang seperti. Making a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis dvt requires both clinical assessment and objective testing because the clinical features are nonspecific and investigations can be either falsely positive or negative. Deep vein thrombosis dvt of the lower extremities can be associated with significant morbidity and may progress to pulmonary embolism and postthrombotic syndrome.
Hirsh j 1 lee ay. Deep vein thrombosis dvt is part of the clinical spectrum of venous thromboembolism disease vte whose estimated annual incidence rate is 1 2 episodes per 1000 individuals and represents the third leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in developed countries. Progress in cardiovascular diseases vol xxxvii no 1 july august 1994 diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis m m w.
You ll also have a physical exam so that your doctor can check for areas of swelling tenderness or changes in skin color. Deep vein thrombosis dvt deep vein thrombosis dvt is a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body. Van beek and j w.
The tests you have depend on whether your doctor thinks you are at a low or a high risk of dvt. 1 henderson research centre and the department of medicine mcmaster university hamilton ontario canada. Tests used to diagnose or rule out a blood clot include.
Dokter akan bertanya tentang gejala yang dialami pasien lalu melakukan pemeriksaan fisik pada area tubuh yang sakit dan bengkak. We systematically reviewed the accuracy of dia. A blood clot is a clump of blood that s.
Diagnosis deep vein thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis dvt or blood clot in the leg symptoms include swelling warmth redness and pain in the leg with the blood clot.
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Davis s drug guide for nurses and mds delivers trusted regularly updated and practical information on more than 5 000 trade name and generic medications. Decreased intracellular calcium relaxes smooth muscle airways.
We offer the davis s drug guide for nurses 16th edition in pdf form.
Davis drug book. Once your davis drug guide paid subscription is active you can easily add a 1 year subscription to drug interactions the most trusted drug interaction checker available. Each drug monograph with its focus on safety includes details on pharmacokinetics dosing side effects interactions assessment and more. Davis s drug guide for nurses the most helpful book ever created in pharmacology field.
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Binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle leading to activation of adenyl cyclase and increased levels of cyclic 3 5 adenosine monophosphate camp increases in camp activate kinases which inhibit the phosphorylation of myosin and decrease intracellular calcium. Canadian specific content including canadian trade names and drugs specifically approved for use in canada. Add drug interactions from the medical letter to your davis s drug guide app.
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Pump input power p. Pump input power calculation formula or pump shaft power calculation formula.
Hence the pump power calculation formula can be written as below pump power p kw q m 3 hr x ρ kg m 3 x g m 2 s x h m x p pa 3600000.
Pumps calculations formula. The same way pump power in horsepower formula can be written as pump power p hp q m 3 hr x ρ kg m 3 x g m 2 s x h m x p pa 2685600. P s kw p h kw η 3 where. Online pump calculator si units.
η efficiency of the pump between 0 to 100 formula 2. Also above pump power is required to lift the liquid to head meters. Q flow rate in m 3 sec.
P s kw shaft power kw η pump efficiency. H total developed head in meters density in kg m 3. 2 kinematic viscosity mm s absolute viscosity mpas fluid density kg m3.
P in watt here. P in kw here. Q flow rate in m 3 hr.
The shaft power the power required transferred from the motor to the shaft of the pump depends on the efficiency of the pump and can be calculated as. G gravitational constant 9 81 m sec 2.
This can be done by slowing down production of it within the ventricles of the brain. Management of elevated icp is in part dependent on the underlying cause.
Icp 20mmhg for 5mins see patient urgently check transducer height icp waveform and consider bis.
Management of icp. The ideal treatment of raised intracranial pressure is to find out the cause and treat it accordingly for example csf diversion for hydrocephalus drainage of an abscess removal of a clot or a tumor. Elevated intracranial pressure icp is typically defined as icp sustained above 20 mm hg. To provide guidance on the management of raised icp on neurosurgical icu for non anaesthetic trained junior doctors and new icu doctors scope.
It reflects neither a standard of care nor a. This can lead to an injurious shift of the brain termed herniation. Medical options for treating elevated icp include head of bed elevation iv mannitol hypertonic saline transient hyperventilation barbiturates and if icp remains refractory sedation endotracheal intubation mechanical ventilation and neuromuscular paralysis.
Critical management of raised icp aim. Treatment of intracranial pressure icp elevation is central to the management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury tbi. It may be a medical or surgical emergency can cause cerebral ischemia brain herniation and death and requires aggressive treatment to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality 1 2 3.
In this article we will discuss the management of increased intracranial pressure icp so let s get started. Treatment of the underlying cause. One way to manage icp is to reduce the volume of cerebrospinal fluid csf in the intracranial space under the skull.
Drug therapy administer inj mannitol 25 it acts in two ways 1. A major concern associated with intracranial injuries is the management of intracranial pressure icp a resulting factor of a tbi which facilitates into intracranial hematoma and or cerebral edema. Consensus based class iii evidence it provides management recommendations based on combined expert opinion.
Initial pharmacologic management for icp elevation includes interventions for pain and agitation and the use of osmotic diuretics and hypertonic saline hts. Each therapy can effectively reduce icp to normal ranges but is not without risk. Our modern and comprehensive stbi management protocol is designed to assist clinicians managing stbi patients monitored with icp monitors alone.
Management goals identifying and treating the underlying cause of increased icp maintaining adequate perfusion and oxygenation to the brain 31. All l level 3 adult patients in neurosurgical icu with monitoring of icp. 1 3 the volume of the intracranial contents often increases following tbi as a result of hemorrhage cerebral edema and hydrocephalus.
Describe the normal cardiac anatomy and physiology and normal electrical conduction through the heart. 195 50 content outline and ces awarded.
Our new course is designed to train those who are both experienced and inexperienced in the field of telemetry.
Ekg classes for nurses. Ecg academy can provide approved ce contact hours to registered nurses. These jobs are also in high demand. Nurses interested in working in the intensive care unit or cardiac care unit are required to be proficient in reading ekgs.
Upon completion of the course each student will receive a certificate of completion to work as a ekg technician and be eligible to sit for the national american society of ekg technician s certified ekg technician exam. Ecg academy is an approved ce provider accredited by the california board of registered nursing. Elite medical academy offers the ekg technician training course to prepare healthcare workers to take the to work as a ekg technician.
The abcm offers the basic ecg board certification exam the 12 lead ecg board certification exam and the advanced ecg board certification exam. Understand the different lead placements and purpose of each placement. Identify and relate waveforms to the cardiac cycle.
Utilize a systematic process when approaching the interpretation of the ecg ekg. Learn to read electrocardiograms by watching video tutorials. The 12 lead ecg essentials course contains 13 lessons study.
Ecg academy was created by dr. Ecg techs first responders paramedic emt cardiac nurses nurse practitioners physician assistants medical students physicians cost. Professionals have to fulfill requirements for continuing education in order to maintain licensing.
Introducing our new telemetry training course. Ekg ecg proficiency is required for many nursing jobs. Purchase the entire course or individual modules as needed.
Nicholas tullo a cardiac electrophysiologist with a passion for teaching and has been reviewed previously on litfl. Earn ce contact hoursby watching videos. The basic ecg exam is available to rns nurse.
We ve launched a new self paced online telemetry training course for aspiring telemetry nurses medical professionals and students. Telemetry cardiac and stepdown units all require some level of proficiency. Performing 12 lead ecg ecg axis determination left ventricular hypertrophy ischemia injury infarction cardiac monitoring einthovens triangle proven methods over the past ten years our ekg lessons drills and quizzes have helped training tens of thousands of medical professionals worldwide.
The ecg academy is another great resource for anyone looking to up their ecg game with a growing list of medical nursing and pa schools subscribed to the resource. Cardiac rhythm analysis sinus rhythms atrial rhythms junctional rhythms ventricular rhythms heart block rhythms pacemaker rhythms performing 12 lead ecg 12 lead ecg axis 12 lead ecg bbb 12 lead ecg lvh 12 lead ecg ischemia.
Paediatric nursing vol 14 issue 1 pp. Feeding and administration of medication.
Prevention of vomiting and aspiration.
Ng tube medication administration. Choice of medication formulation alimemazine trimeprazine tartrate25 7. Health and safety and clinical. Introducing a passage into the gi tract will enable a feeding and administration of various medications.
The legal and professional consequences of administering drugs via enteral feeding tubes 38 8. Medication management of patients with nasogastric ng percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg or other enteral feeding tubes mgp ltd identified a need for clinical guidance in this area and approached rosemont pharmaceuticals ltd for an educational grant to support the development of a working party guideline. Medication administration via enteral tubes.
Restoring and maintaining patency of enteral feeding tubes 15 5. Flushing enteral feeding tubes 9 4. In trauma settings ng tubes can be used to aid in the prevention of vomiting and aspiration as well.
Give medication via enteral tube as directed by the guidance within the table. 3 11 phillips n m endacott r 2011. Medication via a gastric tube.
Ng tubes can also be used for enteral feeding initially. Peter s gill f 2009 development of a clinical practice guideline for testing nasogastric tube placement. Overview purpose some patients require medications to be given via ng tube aspiration risk dysphagia esophageal trauma certain medications cannot be cut or crushed extended release enteric coated delayed release capsules with large pellets in that case request an alternate form liquid solution alternate route other medications should be crushed and dissolved in water to.
Liquid medications should always be used when possible because absorption is better and less likely to cause blockage of the tube. Patients with a gastric tube nasogastric nasointestinal percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy peg or jejenostomy j tube will often receive medication through this tube lynn 2011. A survey of nurses practices journal of advanced nursing 67 12 2586 2592.
If more than one medicine is being administered flush with at least 10ml of water between each medication. Administration of medicines via enteral tubes must be with the informed consent of the patient to avoid any suggestion of covert administration administration of medicines via enteral tube to a patient who lacks capacity must be subject to a prescribing best interests decision and management plan mental capacity act 2005 section 4. After administration of the last medication flush tube well with 15 30ml of water after the dose.
Drug therapy review 23 6.
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Anemia is a medical condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is less than normal. A test to determine the size and shape of your red blood cells.
View Of Management Of Iron Deficiency Anemia In Inflammatory Bowel Disease A Practical Approach Annals Of Gastroenterology
However normal hb distribution varies not only with sex but also with ethnicity and physiological status.
Anemia normal range. For men a normal hemoglobin level is typically defined as a level of more than 13 5 gram 100 ml and in women as hemoglobin of more than 12 0 gram 100 ml. Reticulocyte level increases in 2 to 3 days and the peak level reaches 6 to 10 days. Erythropoietin level rises in 6 hours.
The normal range is 0 5 to 2 5 and the absolute count is 25 to 125 x 10 9 l. Normal hemoglobin levels range from 11 5 mg dl to 17 5 mg dl depending on gender. The lower the number even within the normal range the more likely your iron level is low.
After the acute hemorrhage. For women serum ferritin normally ranges from 12 to 150 ng dl while men range from 12ng dl to 300ng dl or nanograms per deciliter. Reticulocytes are raised in anemia because of the erythropoietin raised level.
In normocytic anemias the mean corpuscular volume mcv is within defined normal limits but the hemoglobin and hematocrit are decreased. The mcv is also age specific figure 1 1 with normal. The world health organization who defines anemia as a hemoglobin level less than 13 0 g dl in adult men and less than 12 g dl in adult women.
Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia. The human body retains and reuses up to 90 percent of the total amount of iron according to the mayo clinic. New lower limits of normal hb values have been proposed according to ethnicity gender and age.
The overall anaemia cut offs have been unchanged since 1968 with the exception that the original age group of children 5 14 years of age was split and a cut off of 5 g l lower was applied to children 5 11 years of age to reflect findings among non iron deficient children in the usa 6. Normal adult hemoglobin values are generally 14 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 grams per deciliter for women. Normal adult hematocrit values vary among medical practices but are generally between 40 and 52 for men and 35 and 47 for women.
The normal level of hemoglobin is generally different in males and females. According to the world health organization who anemia is defined as hemoglobin hb levels 12 0 g dl in women and 13 0 g dl in men. The normal hemoglobin range is generally defined as 13 2 to 16 6 grams g of hemoglobin per deciliter dl of blood for men and 11 6 to 15.
Establish a therapeutic. Nurses provide patients with support and information while maintaining a level of professional distance and objectivity.
Patients can t always communicate by conventional methods so nurses communicate by way of therapy also known as psychosocial intervention.
Therapeutic communication techniques. Therapeutic communication is commonly used by medical professionals such as nurses using techniques to communicate with patients. Laughter has even been scientifically proven to decrease stress hormones and increase antibody production in the person laughing. Therapeutic humor is especially helpful for patients who are coping with a difficult illness.
It s also one of the best therapeutic communication techniques. Skilled use of therapeutic communication techniques helps the nurse understand and empathize with the client s experience. What is therapeutic communication.
A good communicator will have good verbal. Goals of therapeutic communication. Therapeutic communication can help nurses to accomplish many goals.
These skills consist of the ability to convey information both efficiently and effectively. Laughter truly is the best medicine. Therapeutic communication is an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and the client during which the nurse focuses on the client s specific needs to promote an effective exchange of information.
Communication skills by definition are slightly more refined applications of the concept of communication. You can further your skills by taking a look at the top books on communication techniques and skills. What is therapeutic communication.
Therapeutic communication is a collection of techniques that prioritize the physical mental and emotional well being of patients. Therapeutic communication is a collection of techniques that prioritize the physical mental and emotional well being of patients. Nurses provide patients with support and information while maintaining a level of professional distance and objectivity.
Therapeutic communication techniques such as active listening silence focusing using open ended questions clarification exploring paraphrasing reflecting restating providing leads summarizing acknowledgment and the offering of self will be described below.
Pursue excellence all the time in all things. Ethical executives adhere to the golden rule striving to treat others the way they would like to be treated.
Being familiar with the course context i e.
List of ethical principles. As a specialized agency of the un system who is firmly committed to the following ethical principles. Transparency is an ethical principle that relates to honesty. Four fundamental ethical principles a very simple introduction the principle of respect for autonomy.
Ethics are very important in the business world but some find it difficult to define business ethics. Key six ethics principles are. Four fundamental principles of ethics.
Ensuring the appropriateness and representativeness of course content. Ethical executives abide by laws rules and regulations relating to their business activities. Applying these principles to a company will ensure ethical operation into the future.
10 transparency. The users and the relevant people must be fully about the purpose methods and intended possible uses. Justice is a virtue that states that each person should receive what he deserves.
Taking active steps to be up to date in content areas relevant to his or her courses. 9 justice. Some common ethical principles include honesty equality respect for rights integrity and adherence to the law.
Prerequisites relationship of course within the academic program principle 2. While these are all fairly standard ethic. However there are a number of principles of ethics that are nearly universal in the business world.
In business the functions and use of information must be done with integrity. Autonomy is latin for self rule we have an obligation to respect the autonomy of other persons which is to respect the decisions made by other people concerning. An honest person is the honest person whose behavior is both ethical and moral who does what he says and does not try to take advantage of others.
To behave in accordance with ethical principles and act in good faith intellectual honesty and fairness. 2 must be informed. To take responsibility for one s actions decisions and their consequences.
